Contents: xi

Chapter 1: Introduction: 1

1.1 C++: An Evolving Language: 1

1.2 Handling Complexity with Idioms: 2

1.3 Objects for the Nineties: 4

1.4 Design and Language: 5

Chapter 2: Data Abstraction and Abstract Data Types: 7

2.1 Classes: 8

2.2 Object Inversion: 11

2.3 Constructors and Destructors: 14

2.4 Inline Functions: 19

2.5 Initialization of Static Data Members: 21

2.6 Static Member Functions: 21

2.7 Scoping and const: 23

2.8 Initialization ordering of Global Objects, Constants, and Static Class members: 24

2.9 Enforcement of const for Class Object Member Functions: 26

2.10 Pointers to Member Functions: 29

2.11 Program Organization Conventions: 33

Chapter 3: Concrete Data Types: 37

3.1 The Orthodox Canonical Class Form: 38

3.2 Scoping and Access Control: 45

3.3 Overloading: Redefining the Semantics of Operators and Functions: 48

3.4 Type Conversion: 54

3.5 Reference Counting: Making Variables Use "Magic Memory": 58

3.6 Operators new and delete: 72

3.7 Separating Initialization from Instantiation: 79

Chapter 4: Inheritance

4.1 Simple Inheritance: 87

4.2 Scoping and Access Control: 94

4.3 Constructors and Destructors: 104

4.4 Class Pointer Conversion: 108

4.5 Type Selector Fields: 110

Chapter 5: Object-Oriented Programming

5.1 C++ Run-Time Type Support: Virtual Functions

5.2 Destructor Interaction and Virtual Destructors 119

5.3 Virtual Functions and Scoping: 128foreword 127

5.4 Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Base Classes: 131

5.5 Envelope and Letter Lcasses: 133

5.6 Functors: Functions as Objects: 165

5.7 Multiple Inheritance: 178

5.8 The Inheritance Canonical Form: 189

Chapter 6: Object-Oriented Design: 201

6.1 Types and Classes: 202

6.2 The Activities of Object-Oriented Design: 207

6.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Domain Analysis: 210

6.4 Object and Class Relationships: 213

6.5 Subtyping, Inheritance and Forwarding: 222

6.6 Rules of Thumb for Subtyping, Inheritance, and Independence: 244

Chapter 7: Reuse and Objects: 249

7.1 All analogies break down somewhere: 251

7.2 Design Reuse

7.3 Four Code Reuse Mechanisms

7.4 Parameterized Types, or Templates

7.5 Private Inheritance: Does Inheritance Support Reuse?: 265

7.6 Storage Reuse: 269

7.7 Interface Ruese: Variants: 270

7.8 Reuse, Inheritance, and Forwarding: 272

7.9 Architectural Alternatives for Source Reuse: 273

7.10 Generalizations on Reuse and Objects: 276

Chapter 8: Programming with Exemplars in C++: 279

8.1 An Example: Employee Exemplars: 282

8.2 Exemplars and Generic Constructors: The Exemplar Community Idiom: 288

8.3 Autonomous Generic Constructors: 289

8.4 Abstract Base Exemplars: 293

8.5 Toward a Frame Exemplar Idiom: 295

8.6 A Word About Notation: 297

8.7 Exemplars and Program Administration: 299

Chapter 9: Emulating Symbolic Language Styles in C++: 307

9.1 Incremental C++ Development: 309

9.2 Symbolic Canonical Form: 311

9.3 An Example: A General Collection Class: 323

9.4 Code and Idioms To Support Incremental Loading: 328

9.5 Garbage Collection: 339

9.6 Primitive Type Encapsulation: 349

9.7 Multi-Methods under the Symbolic Idiom: 349

Chapter 10: Dynamic Multiple Inheritance: 357

10.1 An Example: A Multi-Technology Window System: 359

10.2 Caveats: 362

Chapter 11: Systemic Issues: 365

11.1 Static System Design: 366

11.2 Dynamic System Design: 375

Appendix A: C in a C++ Environment: 391

A.1 Function Calls: 391

A.2 Function Parameters: 392

A.3 Function Prototypes: 393

A.4 Call-by-Reference Parameters: 394

A.5 Variable Number of Parameters: 395

A.6 Function Pointers: 397

A.7 The const Type Modifier: 399

A.8 Interfacing with C Code: 401

Appendix B: Shapes Program: C++ Code: 417

Appendix C: Reference Return Values from Operators: 431

Appendix D: Why Bitwise Copy Doesn't Work: 435

D.1: Why Member-by-Member Copy Isn't a Panacea: 436

Appendix E: Symbolic Shapes

Appendix F: Block-Structured Programming in C++: 477

F.1 What is Block-Structured Programming?: 477

F.2 Basic Building Blocks for Structured C++ Programming: 478

F.3 An Alternative for Blocks with Deeply Nested Scopes: 482

F.4 Implementation Considerations: 487

Block-Structure Video Game Code: 489

Index: 495