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"Our Only Refuge, Open the Gates!"
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Clandestine Immigration to Palestine 1938-1948
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by Paul H. Silverstone
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CLICK HERE FOR ORDERING INFORMATION!
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Before the outbreak of World War II, the original driving force behind clandestine immigration was the Revisionist movement which operated according to its own agenda, a policy contrary to that of the Jewish Agency and the 'establishment' opinion of Jewish Palestine. After Munich, this opinion changed and the newly formed Mossad l'Aliyah Bet, organized under Haganah the military arm of the Jewish Agency, joined in the rescue effort. In Vienna Adolf Eichmann was attempting to force Jews into emigration, while the British White Paper was severely limiting Jewish entry into Palestine. |
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Nevertheless, British policy relating to Jewish immigration changed from year to year. Often it took a tragic episode to cause such a change. The sinkings of the Patria and Struma, and the forcible return of the Exodus passengers each resulted in a beneficial modification of British policy. During the period 1938 to 1942, small, old tramp steamers were chartered to carry refugees desperate to escape Nazi persecution. |
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Small auxiliary schooners with a few hundred people gave way to larger vessels carrying thousands. After the war the cycle began again, small vessels holding hundreds of people followed by larger vessels carrying more people per square foot. Against these refugees were deployed all the weapons of the British Empire, diplomatic, legal and the Navy and Army. |
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Following the end of the war and the revelation of the Holocaust, the involvement of Americans became important in the story. Hundreds of American volunteers, (Their membership organiztion is the American Veterans of Israel), manned ten ships which brought in over half the total for the period 1946-48. |
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These ships which include the Exodus are a vital part of the story and the volunteers a part of the living history of Aliyah Bet. |
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Paul Silverstone met with many of these men at their 50th reunion held in Haifa, Israel, in May 1997. He also spoke at the annual memorial service held at West Point that year. |
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This publication is based on articles originally published in Steamboat Bill, the quarterly journal of the Steamship Historical Society of America. "Our Only Refuge, Open the Gates!" includes 44 pages, 40 illustrations, appendix list of ships, and bibliography. |
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CLICK HERE TO GO TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE
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