SELECTED LIST OF Y2K REFERENCES AND RESOURCES
September 22, 1999
"The New York Times best-seller Time Bomb 2000 by Edward Yourdon and
Jennifer Yourdon is highly recommended. It is available widely online
and in bookstores. Also see Ed Yourdon's February 5, 1999 article,
"My Y2K Outlook: A Year of Disruptions, a Decade of Depression" and his
more recent article "Y2K and The Year of Liing Dangerously: Refuting
the 'Three-Day Snowstorm' Metaphor." Both can be accessed at http://www.yourdon.com
Among the points made is the following: "PREVENTION OF ALL Y2K FAILURES
WAS
~ The Department of Commerce April 9 report on global trade (that "connects
the dots" concerning the likely global impacts of the Y2K technology crisis)
is at http://y2k.ita.doc.gov/y2k/y2k.nsf/dd5cab6801f1723585256474005327c8/b3cb5b3d
"Millennium Tragedy in Urbanville: A Report Highlighting the Impact of the Year 2000 Crisis and Its Effect on Public Safety with Greater Urbanville" is a hypothetical Y2K scenario written by Martyn Emery. It is "written" in February of 2001 looking back at what happening and analyzing how the impacts of Y2K could have been minimized. See http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers/paper14.htm. Also see Martyn Emery's "Millennium Tragedy in New York City: A Report Highlighting the Impact of the Year 2000 Crisis and Its Effect on Public Safety with Greater New York City" at http://www.itpolicy/gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers/paper65.htm. Papers by Dennis Grabow, including a paper concerning the economic impacts of Y2K, can be found at http://www.millenniuminvest.com and http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers.htm. Roleigh Martin outlines "definites" and "indefinites" concerning Y2K at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/roleigh_martin/definite2.htm. Also see his Y2K e-zine digest of articles, news releases, and other items pertaining to Y2K at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/roleigh_martin. Michael Nolan has written a thought provoking article on coming to terms with Y2K. The article is entitled: "Noah's Ark: My 'Year 2000 Problem' Metaphor for Denial and Hope." See http://www.ci.norfolk.ne.us/Y2K%20Mike%20Nolan%20Noah%20Article.h tm. In "The Aftermath of the Year 2000 Software Problem" Capers Jones considers three scenarios of Y2K recovery: Best Case, Expected Case, and Worst Case. The report can be found at http://www.ncsl.org/programs/lis/cip/aftermath.htm. Edward Yardeni's periodically updated publication: "Year 2000 Recession?
'Prepare for the worst. Hope for the best'" can be found at http://www.yardeni.com/y2kbook.html.
The New York Times editorial of August 2, 1998, "The Millennium Bug Looms" can be found at the New York Times Web site. A frequently visited Web site on Year 2000 technology problems and challenges
is at http://www.year2000.com.
See year2000.com/y2articles.html for a wide selection of timely articles
on Y2K. Other Web sites of particular
A site that provide daily reviews of Y2K news is http://www.y2kreview.com. Claire W. Gilbert, Ph.D., provides an information service via e-mail on important, breaking Y2K news on an irregular basis, ranging from several messages a day to several messages a week. This list can be subscribed to for a one time charge of $25. Send a check to her at P.O. Box 1073, Half Moon Bay, CA 94019. Add a note indicating that the check is for the Y2K new information service. "The Collaboration Challenge of the Millennium Bug" by Lisa J. Marshall and Lloyd Raines is posted in the archives at http://www.year2000.com/y2karchive.html. The article also appears in Perspectives on Business and Global Change, 1998, Vol. 12, No. 2 World Business Academy. "The Economist: A Survey of the Millennium Bug" appears in The Economist of September 9, 1998. It can also be found temporarily at http://www.economist.com/editorial/freeforall/current/index_surve y.html. For a view of Y2K from a chaos theory perspective, see Margaret Wheatley article entitled "Leading Through the Unknowns of Y2K". The article is scheduled for publication in the November/December 1998 issue of Strategy & Leadership (Volume 26, Number 5). See http://www.slfnet.org (Strategic Leadership Forum, the International Society for Strategic Management) and http://www.berkana.org. The Web site for the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) provides extensive coverage of Y2K issues. It is found at http://www.itaa.org/year2000/. ITAA also provides a free newsletter, Year 2000 Outlook, to anyone who would like to subscribe. To create a subscription to ITAA's, visit ITAA at http://www.itaa.org/transact/2koutlooksub.htm. For a copy of the President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion: First Quarterly Summary of Assessment Information (January 7, 1999), see http://www.Y2K.gov/new/FINAL2.htm. This report provides an summary of information gathered by the Council and its working group structure. This report provides the first such government report summarizing information on the Y2K readiness of the United States. For some hypothetical national and global Y2K scenarios, see the Naval
War College's scenario workshop Web site at http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Thinktank/6926/y2ksite.
htm. (The entire URL must be used to reach these pages). Statements
of Public Officials
Statements Of Public Officials: The C-SPAN videotape of Senator Bennett's speech of July 15, 1998 is an outstanding speech by an elected public official on the topic of the Year 2000 Crisis. (Order by calling 1-800 277 2698). Texts of speeches given July 14, 1998, by the President and the Vice President can be found on http://www.whitehouse.gov. Subsequent statements can be found at that site and at http://www.y2k.gov. Governor William J. Janklow of South Dakota in his State-of-the-State
Address delivered January 13, 1999, expressed his deep concern regarding
Y2K and the need to take steps to minimize impacts and to prepare for possible
disruptions. For a text of the Governor's speech, see
Conferences and Panel Programs : The proceedings of the Center for Strategic and International Studies' conference on the Year 2000 technology problem: Y2K ~ A Global Ticking Time Bomb? is available in transcript form at http://www.csis.org. C-SPAN also has a videotape Videotapes can also be ordered by calling C-SPAN at 1-800 277 2698. This was an outstanding conference and is widely used to raise awareness and understanding concerning Y2K. A December 15, 1998 panel program on Perspectives on Y2K, sponsored by the George Washington University Y2K Group and hosted by The Washington Post Company is available from C-SPAN at 1-800 277 2698. The ID # is 116659. Panelists include: Stuart Umpleby (Professor, George Washington University), Jim Lord (Y2K author and newsletter publisher), Mark Uncapher (Vice President of Information Technology Association of America), Paula Gordon (Director of Special Projects, Research Program in Social and Organizational Learning, George Washington University), and Carlos Guedes (CIO and Assistant Controller, Inter-American Development Bank). The World Future Society held a conference on "Y2K....Scenarios and
Strategies: Coping with Disruptions and Managing Long-term Consequences"
on December 16 and 17 in Washington, DC. See the Web site of the Society
for the conference report and for announcements concerning future activities
(http://www.wfs.org).
Y2K Videos :
See especially the videos available through C-SPAN noted in the listings above under the headings of "Statements of Public Officials" and "Conferences and Panel Programs". These are suitable for use in programs for public and private sector audiences, including classes in educational institutions and inservice training programs for persons in roles of responsibility in government and in private sectors organizations and institutions. The National Y2K Civic Leadership Initiative released their new video "Y2K and US ~ Facing the Challenge" on December 17. This video will be the first in a series and provides an excellent introduction to a wide range of concerns relating to Y2K. The video focuses on the social implications of Y2K and the need for the public to create community safety nets. Community contingency planners, along with experts from national non-profit associations, health care organizations, and local government all share their current experiences and insights into the need for constructive community approaches to Y2K, including approaches being used to organize grassroots community efforts and leverage collaborative community action. Individual copies are available for $19.95, plus shipping and handling and applicable taxes. Volume discounts are available, as well as licensing arrangements. To order, call the Public Production Group at 1-800 529 9575 or e-mail: y2kcivic@aol.com. A second in the series of videos is to be available in 1999: "Y2K & US: Building Collaborative Communities." A Vortexx 2000 educational video featuring Martyn Emery and others is available through Vortexx 2000 LLC. For further information, see http://www.vortexx2000.com. Public Technology, Inc. (http://www.pti.org) has developed a video, "Y2K and You." This video is designed to increase the awareness of local and state officials to the seriousness of Y2K technology problems. The video is available to others for a nominal fee. For information, contact their Web site or phone (202) 626 2400. The National Association of State Information Resource Executives (NASIRE)
has produced an excellent video designed to help state legislators and
other policymakers gain a better understanding of Y2K. Information
concerning the video can be found at http://www.nasire.org/publications/ord2.html.
The video can be
For information concerning Ed Yourdon's "Y2K Home Preparation" video, contact http://www.readyfory2k.com or call 919-933 8533. A video on Y2K awareness and preparedness, "The Year 2000 Problem" (TM) is available through http://www.y2knews.com for $25. Running time is 2:40. South Dakota Public Television has also produced a video: Invasion of the Millennium Bug. For information concerning purchase of this video contact the State of South Dakota, Bureau of Information and Telecommunications, 605 773 6040. Paloma O'Riely is one of the individuals featured on the video. Videos from the August 1998 Y2K Conference in Boulder, Colorado sponsored by The Cassandra Project are available through http://www.webeone.net or call 303 448 8838. These include: Jim Lord: "What is the Millennium Bug?" Paloma O'Riley: "Personal Preparation" Paloma O'Riley: Community Preparation" Joel Ackerman: "Y2K Impacts on Healthcare" Steve Davis: "Role of City and County Governments" Roleigh Martin: "Impacts on Critical Infrastructure" Margaret Wheatley: "Complex Systems and Community Planning Approaches" Jim Lord: "Personal Finance" "The Y2K Family Survival Guide", a video hosted by Leonard Nimoy.
Embedded Systems :
"PREVENTION OF ALL Y2K FAILURES WAS NEVER POSSIBLE: For many large and important organizations, technical prevention of all Y2K failures has never been possible in any practical way...." For a full copy of the letter, see http://www.ieeeusa.org/FORUM/POLICY/99june09.html.
~ There are around 60 categories of cases involving embedded systems faults in The Institution of Electrical Engineers' (IEE) Embedded Systems Fault Casebook (May 1999) at the following site (about 60 different categories). http://www.iee.org.uk/2000risk/Casebook/casebook.htm See Millennium Minefield: Embedded Systems and the Year 2000 Problem: A Handbook for Business Managers and Executives by Michael P. Harden, Ph.D. To obtain a copy contact: Century Technology Service, Inc. at 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd., Suite 203, McLean, VA 22101. (703) 749 7855 or e-mail: ctsi2000@aol.com.
A text version of an extensive research paper on embedded systems
by Dr. Mark Frautschi can be found at http://www.tmn.com/~frautsch/y2k.html.
Dr. Frautschi's Y2K bookmarks, including those on embedded systems,
are archived at this location.
~Based on experience, it takes 21 months to inventory, analyze, fix
and test the embedded systems in a small to medium sized plant.
An outstanding article on this subject is entitled "The Practical Engineer: Making Embedded Systems Year 2000 Compliant" by Dick Lefkon and Bill Payne (IEEE Spectrum, June 1998). Two Web sites of interest are http://www.embedded.com/ and http://www.iee.org.uk/2000risk/. For references to other work on embedded systems, see Dr. Frautschi's list of references which can be found at http://www.tmn.com/~frautsch/y2k2.html. A draft bulletin on the subject of embedded systems prepared for an environmental protection agency is available on request from Paula Gordon by e-mailing <pgordon@erols.com>. For a particularly informative account concerning the problems associated with embedded systems remediation at a utility, see Mark Frautschi's portion of the weekly count down newsletter written by Douglass Carmichael and Mark Frautschi. The excerpt provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of embedded systems remediation. See "Y2K Week" Week #20 in the archives at http://www.tmn.com/y2k. Claire W. Gilbert, Ph.D., provides an information service via e-mail
on important, breaking Y2K news on an irregular basis, ranging from several
messages a day to several messages a week. Items on embedded systems are
often included. This list can be subscribed to for a one time charge of
$25. Send a check to her at PO Box 1073, Half Moon Bay, CA 94019.
Add a note indicating that the check is for the Y2K *new information service.
The Global Position System (GPS) : The GPS problem is apt to affect everything from navigational instruments, to law enforcement monitoring equipment, emergency dispatch equipment, and even the setting of bank interest rates. This problem is discussed in the Yourdon's book Time Bomb 2000. It is also addressed in "Dangerous Dates for Software Applications" by Capers Jones, Version 4 - April 23, 1998 at http://www.comlinks.com/mag/ddates.htm. See "Computer Problems Similar to the Millennium Bug That Have Already
Happened" by Jon Huntress at http://www.cassandraproject.org/jonexist.html.
The "'Nines' End of File" Problem : See "Dangerous Dates for Software Applications" by Capers Jones, Version 4 - April 23, 1998 at http://www.comlinks.com/mag/ddates.htm. for additional background information on the "'Nines' End of File" Problem.
Overview of Software Application Problems : For an overview of software application problems, see "Dangerous Dates for Software Applications" by Capers Jones, Version 4 - April 23, 1998 at http://www.comlinks.com/mag/ddates.htm.
Tracking of Y2K-Related Failures : Ian S. Hayes of Clarity Consulting, Inc. has a Web site that include
information on Y2K-related failures that have been triggered beginning
1/1/99. See http://www.clarity-consulting.com.
See Year 2000 Problem Occurrences at The Cassandra Project Web site at http://millennia-bcs.com/examples.htm.
~ There are around 60 categories of cases involving embedded systems faults in The Institution of Electrical Engineers' (IEE) Embedded Systems Fault Casebook (May 1999) at the following site (about 60 different categories). http://www.iee.org.uk/2000risk/Casebook/casebook.htm
Software and Hardware Vendor Web sites : For access to software and hardware vendor Web sites, see http://www.vendor2000.com.
Assessment and Testing Methodology : The Document: Year 2000 Computing Crisis: A Testing Guide (Exposure Draft) (GAO/AIMD-10.1.21) is a much sought after document. For information on how to obtain this and other documents on Y2K, see the section on U.S. Government Web sites below. The Year 2000 Computing Crisis: A Testing Guide (GAO/AIMD-10.1.21, Nov. 1998) is available through GAO. See the section on U.S. Government Web sites below.
Status of 9-1-1 Emergency Systems : For a special report on 911 systems entitled "Y2K: Facing the Year 2000...Is
Your PSAP Prepared for the Century Mark?" by Randall D. Larson, see 9-1-1
Magazine, May/June 1998 at http://www.9-1-1magazine.com/magazine/1998/0598/features/42y2k.html.
Surveys : WDCY2K Surveys: The Washington DC Year 2000 Group (WDCY2K) has a membership
list of over 1,000 individuals. Around 300-350 attend monthly programs
on topics relating to the Year 2000 technology crisis. The membership is
composed of persons from government, the military, corporations, educational
institutions, law offices, contractors, consultants, vendors, community
groups and other institutions and organizations. For results of two surveys
involving the membership that were conducted in 1998, see http://www.monumental.com/bwebster/y2k/survey/
and http://www.csis.org/html/y2kpress.html#3.
For an article
December 1998 Gallop Poll: The results of a Gallup poll conducted between December 9 and 13 is reported on at http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/events/fow/y2k/pr_sp9805.htm. One of the findings was that "More than two-thirds of those polled believe 'Y2K' computer problems will last from several weeks to several months, and possibly as long as a year. The poll results were released by the National Science Foundation and USA Today on December 30, 1998. The CIO Survey: The CIO Year 2000 Consumer Study, the first publicized random sample survey of the American public was conducted in March of 1998. (400 people nationwide were surveyed.) The methodology and the results are found respectively at http://www.cio.com/marketing/releases/execsumm.html and http://www.cio.com/marketing/releases/y2k_awareness.html. This survey should hold great interest for public officials as well as persons engaged in Y2K efforts of any kind. American Talk Issues Survey: Market Strategies, Inc. conducted a survey August 3 - 9, 1998. The survey report is entitled "Millennium Bug: New Y2K Survey Finds American Ready to Do Their Bit - Because They Don't Trust Government or Business" (Survey ATI #30). Alan F. Kay and Hazel Henderson were the survey directors. The Survey was sponsored by the non-profit American Talk Issues Foundation (ATIF). A report of the survey results can be found at http://www.publicinterestpolling.com. The National Federation of Independent Business Education Foundation Survey. The National Federation of Independent Business Education Foundation has conducted a study of small business owners and their readiness for Y2K. For a summary of the findings of the study and a copy of the report, see http://www.nfibonline.com/news/archive/index1.05.99a.html. National Association of Counties Survey: The results of a survey conducted of its members by the National Association of Counties (NACO) can be found at http://www.naco.org/pubs/cnews/current/y2k.html. The title of the final report is "Half of U.S. Counties Report Y2K Compliance Plans" (Vol. 30, No. 23, December 7, 1998). The International Association of Emergency Managers Survey: The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) has released results of a survey that they have conducted: "International Association of Emergency Managers - Y2K Survey Results," (December 1998). It is available at http://www.iaem.com/Y2K_Survey_Results/y2k_survey_results.html. A portion of the survey that raises particular concerns is found at the http://www.iaem.com/Y2K_Survey_Results/y2k_survey_results/Problem s/problems.html The Chicago Institute Emergency Service Y2K Survey: The preliminary results of a survey conducted by the Chigago Institute is also available online: "Chicago Institute Releases Preliminary Results of Emergency Service Y2K Survey," December 4, 1998, Emergency Net News Service: http://www.emergency.com/y2krslts.htm. The Center for Survey Research and Analysis at the University of Connecticut Survey: The Center for Survey Research and Analysis at the University of Connecticut conducted a Y2K survey January 11 - 18, 1999. According to a report of the Freedom Forum, "the public expresses a strong need for information about the Y2K preparedness of medical establishments, the U.S. military, financial institutions and power companies." The full survey is available at http://www.freedomforum.org/technology/1999/1/28y2ksurvey.asp.
The UN : Texts of speeches by Ambassador Ahmad Kamal, head of the Informatics Working Group at the UN that has major responsibilities for addressing Y2K technology problems can be found at http://www.undp.org/missions/pakistan/16971103.htm,
http://www.undp.org/missions/pakistan/16980320.htm,
Other Year 2000-related resolutions and reports from the UN Working Group can be found at http://www.undp.org/missions/pakistan/16980724.htm, http://www.un.org/members/yr2000/yr2000.htm, and http://www.un.org/members/yr2000/yr2000.htm#2. For information,background material, reports, and statements concerning
the "UN National Y2K Coordinators Meeting: Meeting the Global Challenge,"
December 11, 1998 in New York, see http://www.un.org/members/yr2000/meeting
and http://www.y2k.gov/new/un.html.
The World Bank : For information concerning the World Bank's outstanding Y2K technology assistance program for developing countries, see the Bank's Web site at http://www.worldbank.org and contact Joyce Amenta, the program's director at jamenta@worldbank.org. For information concerning the World Bank's Disaster Management Facility, see the Bank's Web site at http://www.worldbank.org and contact Dr. Alcira Kreimer, Manager, World Bank Disaster Management Facility. As of December 1998, the Disaster Management Facility has not included a focus on potential infrastructure disruptions or technological disasters related to Year 2000 technology problems.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) : The OECD's Working Group on Chemical Accidents has set up an information clearinghouse "to facilitate progress towards (Y2K) compliance". For further information, see an article in Chemistry and Industry Magazine, Issue No. 1, January 4, 1999. According to the article, UN agencies are also participating in the venture. http://www.CI.mond.org/current/990101.html. Also see "Year 2000 Problem Impacts and Actions," OECD Report, September 30, 1998 (http://www.oecd.org/puma/gvrnance/it/y2k.htm.).
Canada : See Global Millennium Foundation at http://www.globalmf.org. Also see http://www.can2k.com.
The European Commission : A Communication from the Commission to the Council, The European Parliament, The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on "The Year 2000 Computer Problem" is posted at http://www. ispo.cec.be/y2keuro/src/com_1998_102-en.htm.
The United Kingdom : For an analysis of the status of the Public Sector in the UK, see a column by Ian Hugo dated January 8, 1999 at http://www.Y2Ktimebomb.com/lw/AK/iw9901.htm. Also search on Action 2000 for the Web site on a range of efforts in the UK that address Y2K.
U.S. Government : The President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion has a extremely helpful
new Web site at http://www.y2k.gov. It
has links to important Web sites. For a copy of the President's Council
on Year 2000 Conversion: First Quarterly Summary of Assessment Information"
(January 7, 1999), see
The CIO's (Chief Information Officers of the Federal Agencies) are all on the web and will have links from the new Web site of President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion: http://www.y2k.gov. The General Accounting Office has excellent publications and have done an outstanding analysis of Federal agency efforts. A compilation of GAO Y2K publications, reports, guides, and testimonies can be viewed at http://www. gao.gov/y2kr.htm Documents not in electronic format can be ordered online. The first printed copy of each document is free of charge. Additional copies are $2.00 each. Orders may also be placed by calling (202) 512-6000 or by using fax number (202) 512-6061 or TDD (202) 512-2537) or by e-mail. The GSA "G7 Global Conferencing" Web site posts a wide range of papers on policy initiatives, trade, economics, finance, banking, and other subjects. The Web site is http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov. The papers are posted at http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/. Statements by those testifying before committees on the Congress can be found at the Web sites of the House and Senate. See especially ~ the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem (http://www.senate.gov/~y2k/) ~ the House Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (http://www.house.gov/reform/gmit/y2k/index.htm); ~ the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Subcommittee on Technology. Also see Heath's Links to Y2K Congressional testimony at http://www.home.swbell.net/adheath/testimony.htm The Capital Source is a valuable directory of government, corporate, professional, and media listings in Washington. It is published in the spring and fall by The National Journal. For ordering information, call 800-356-4838. Single copies are $24.95.
State and Local Governments : Public Technology, Inc. is to be found at http://www.pti.org. They have developed an extensive package of materials on Y2K for local and state officials. The package includes a video designed to increase the awareness of local and state officials to the seriousness of Y2K technology problems. The package will be available to others for a nominal fee. For information contact (202) 626 2400. A second phase of PTI's efforts will be focusing on solutions and best practices. A report of abstracts describing Y2K activities taking place in each of the 50 states can be accessed at http://www.stateside.com/y2K.html. See http://www.ncsl.org for the National Conference of State Legislatures' report on their December 9 - 11 meeting in Washington, DC. A portion of this meeting focused on Y2K. Handouts and papers from the meeting are available at that Web site. The Year 2000 Workbook is available through http://www.can2k.com or http://www.oit.state.pa.us. The document was developed as a part of a collaborative effort involving the Canada-Pennsylvania Partnership Council, Industry Canada and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It was designed to provide background about the Year 2000 problem, to examine the three components of the problem ("internal systems, dependencies, and embedded chips") and to assist organizations in developing action plans. The Texas Guidebook 2000 can be found at http://www.dir.state.tx.us/y2k. See "Year 2000 Contingency Planning for Municipal Governments," by Capers Jones at http://www.angelfire.com/mn/inforest/capersj989.html. See http://www.amrinc.net/nasire/y2k/results.cfm for the National Association of State Information Resource Executives' report on Year 2000 Remediation Results. For a listing of the state information resource executives, see http://www.nasire.org/year2000/coordinators.html. A paper by Steve Davis on "Dealing with the Year 2000 Problem: What Local Government Should be Doing About the Year 2000 Problem" is posted at two sites: http://www.erols.com/steve451/whatgov.htm and http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers.htm. A second paper by Steve Davis on "Dealing with the Year 2000 Problem: International Compliant Community Initiative" is also found at http://www.erols.com/steve451/whatgov.htm and at http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers.htm. "Year 2000 Contingency Planning for Municipal Governments" by Caper Jones is posted at http://www.angelfire.com/mn/inforest/capersj989.html. For a copy of the Year 2000 Readiness Plan of the City of Norfolk, Nebraska, see Norfolk's Y2K Web site at http://www.ci.norfolk.ne.us/index1.htm or contact Michael Nolan, City Administrator at <cadmin@ci.norfolk.ne.us>. The article, "2-Digit Problem Means 9-Digit Bill for Local Governments" by Eric Lipton, Washington Post, Tuesday, August 4, 1998, provides an overview of the fiscal dimensions of the fixing the problem in the Metropolitan Washington Area. See the testimony by Jack Brock of the General Accounting Office before the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia or the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, US House of Representatives on October 2, 1998: "Year 2000 Computing Crisis: The District of Columbia Faces Tremendous Challenges in Ensuring Vital Services Are Not Disrupted". (GAO/T-AIMD-99-4). Orders may also be placed by calling (202) 512-6000 or by using fax number (202) 512-6061. The Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments has a new publication on Year 2000 Best Practices. For further information see http://www.mwcog.org or call 202 962 3200. The publication can be purchased for $45. See hearing testimony before the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia and the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information and Technology, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, and the Subcommittee on Technology, Committee on Science, House of Representatives for testimony bearing on the readiness of the District of Columbia.
State and Metropolitan Area Groups : The newly established Y2K Tri-State Planning Group (focusing on the New York Metropolitan Region) has a Web site at http://www.Y2K3STATES.ORG. The chief point of contact is Bob K. Bogen at BOB.BOGEN@Y2K3STATES.ORG. The group is being formed in an "effort to enable various organizations to share their knowledge and experience in dealing with the potential problems that could effect (the) region." An initial meeting included "staff members and officers of 15 different government, utility, UN, and private sector organizations. Areas of special interest were energy, communications, water, fuel, mass transit, traffic control, airport services, and other transportation functions, as well as emergency services and other related infrastructure services that directly or indirectly affect every business and individual." (Quotes are from the Y2K Tri-State Planning Group Summary Report of their July 14, 1998 Meeting). The Washington DC Year 2000 Group (WDCY2K) has a membership list of over 1,000 individuals. Around 300-350 attend monthly programs on topics relating to the Year 2000 technology crisis. The membership is composed of persons from government, the military, corporations, educational institutions, law offices, contractors, consultants, and vendors. A list of events scheduled in the Washington, DC area is also maintained at the http://www.wdcy2k.org Web site.
Business and Industry : An excellent article in Fortune on the challenges facing industry is entitled "Industry Wakes up to the Year 2000 Menace" by Gene Bylinsky (April 27, 1998). See http://www.pathfinder.com/fortune/1998/980427/imt.html. The following General Accounting Office publications provide practical guidance for the private sector: Year 2000 Computing Crisis: A Testing Guide ~ Exposure Draft (June 1998 GAO/AIMD-10.1.21) and Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Business Continuity and Contingency Planning, August 1998, GAO/AIMD-10.1.19. The Senate Committee on Small Business has conducted hearings on Y2K and will make copies of statements available on request. The U.S. Small Business Administration responds to inquiries concerning Y2K at 1-800-U-ASK-SBA or see the SBA Web site at http://www.sba.gov. A free booklet on Y2K is available through the National Federation of Independent Business at http://www.nfibonline.com. The same Web sites provides links to Y2K solutions. A Gartner Group Special Report by Lou Marcoccio on "Year 2000 Global State of Readiness and Risks to the General Business Community" is posted at http://www.gartner11.gartnerweb.com/public/static/aboutgg/pressre l/testimony 1098.html. See the Web site for the International Chamber of Commerce at http://www.iccwbo.org for recommendations to national committees and chamber of commerce concerning Y2K. See "An Idea of Industrywide Fixes: The Embedded SWAT Team" by Jon Huntress at http://www.cassandraproject.org/jonembed.html. The Chemical Safety and Hazards Investigations Board held a meeting on Y2K on December 18, 1998. Details concerning that meeting can be found at http://www.chemsafety.com. Also see a related article entitled "Chemical Firms Bugged by the Millennium" It can be found at http://www.CI.mond.org/current/990101.html. A book entitled Major Hazard Sites and the Millennium Problem is available from HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk, C010 6FS, UK.
International Trade : ~ The Department of Commerce April 9 report on global trade (that "connects
the dots" concerning the likely global impacts of the Y2K technology crisis)
is at http://y2k.ita.doc.gov/y2k/y2k.nsf/dd5cab6801f1723585256474005327c8/b3cb5b3d
Railroads : Mark Frautschi gave two presentations on railroads and Y2K in July of 1999: July 20 before the WDCY2K Group and July 27 to the
George Washington
For a wide range of links to information concerning international trade, see http://y2k.ita.doc.gov/y2k/y2k.nsf.
Ships and Tankers : See a paper by Dennis Grabow about shipping at http://www.millenniuminvest.com and *http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/papers.htm.
Utilities : The reports of the National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) released in September 1998 and January 1999 are available at http://www.nerc.org. Copies of statements made by hearing witnesses before the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem are available through the Committee Office at (202) 224 5224. Rick Cowles has an article on "Real-Life Examples of Date-Related Problems for Electric Utilities". See http://www.cassandraproject.com y2koccur. Also see his Web site on electric utilities and Y2K at http://www.euy2k.com. His book, Electric Utilities and Y2Kis available at http://www.euy2k.com/book.htm and at http://www.amazon.com. Roleigh Martin has a Web site and a free e-letter that focuses on Y2k threats to utilities and other aspects of the infrastructure. To subscribe to free e-letter, fill in the form at the bottom of the page at http://www.ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/roleigh_martin/myegr oup.htm. Michael Nolan has a series of articles entitled: "Will We Have Electricity on January 1, 2000?" The first in the series is "The National Power Industry". The second of two articles is "Y2K, Public Power and Nebraska Further Ahead Than Most."See http:/www.ci.norfolk.ne.us/Y2K%20Mike%20NPPD1.htm. For a report on "State Actions on Utility Preparedness for the Year 2000," see http://www.NRRI.OHIO-STATE.EDU/y2k.htm. NRRI is the research arm of NARUC.
Natural Gas Pipelines : For an independent assessment of natural gas pipelines and embedded systems problems, see message 386 from Roleigh Martin's e-zine at http://www.eGroups.com/list/roleigh_for_web/?start=386.
Telecommunications : Copies of statements made by hearing witnesses before the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem are available through the Committee Office at (202) 224 5224. For background material and statements from the July 31, 1998 hearing on telecommunications, see http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/regs-leg/sy2k.htm. The Triage Communications Group has proposed the creation of a national fleet of wireless backup emergency communications systems "for hospitals, policy, fire units, public utilities, and financial institutions". This company is dedicated to "building a fleet of portable network platforms" described as "self-contained local-loop networks that can be deployed to areas affected by power grid failures, overloaded telephone switching, and (overloaded) circuits, as well as labor (shortages and problems)." The Triage Communications Group *can be contacted by e-mailing Christopher Storc at <Vetnet@msn.com>.
Banking : For information concerning contingency planning for banks, see the Federal banking regulators issued a guidance on contingency planning May 13, 1998. It is available online at: http://www.ffiec.gov/y2k/contplan.htm. The minimum needed to show the bank examiners that they are working on contingency plans is described in part in a document produced in the GAO contingency plan exposure draft issued in March 1998. GAO issued a final version in August. It can be found at http://www.gao.gov/y2kr.htm. The Bank Administration Institute has the template for the contingency plan that one major regional bank developed. See http://www.bai.org/y2k/. Also, see the American Banking Association's Web site. A web site featuring a video for bank executives (News for Financial Institutions) can be found at http://www.phil.frb.org/banks/2000vid.html.
Health Care Resources : Two highly recommended sites for health care-related matters at http://www.rx2000.org and categorized information on http://www.Y2Ktoday.com. A video featuring Joel Ackerman on the "Y2K Impacts on Healthcare" taped at the August 1998 Y2K Conference in Boulder, Colorado is available through http://www.webeone.net or call 303 448 8838. Contact The Cassandra Project, PO Box 8, Louisville, Colorado 80027 (303) 664 5227 for information concerning their draft of a "Citizens Y2K Healthcare Assurance Act". (Email: ploriley@millennia-bcs.com.) The Food and Drug Administration maintains a Web site at http://www.fda.gov. The site provides product information and links to the sites of medical device manufacturers. Copies of statements made by hearing witnesses before the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem are available through the Committee Office at (202) 224 5224. Building and Construction Industry The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) International publishes Meeting the Year 2000 Challenge: A Guide for Property Professionals. The guidebook outlines the embedded systems problem in buildings and offers an 8-step plan to manage it effectively. A variety of model forms and checklists is included. To order, call 800-426-6292. Cost for a single copy is $15 (member price) and $20 (non-member price), with quantity discounts available. Also see BOMA's web site, http://www.boma.org, which contains information on Y2K issues in buildings and offers links to a variety of manufacturers' sites and building system databases. Up-to-date information on the association's Y2K seminar series is also provided. National Security "The Year 2000 Problem and the Danger of Accidental Nuclear War" by John Pike is at http://www.fas.org/2000/y2k/analysis.htm. CBS Evening News aired a segment on U.S. defense system vulnerabilities on 7-22-98. This transcript of remarks by Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre have been available at http://www.cbs.com/prd1/now/template.display?p_who=network&p_stor y=66222. A Draft Summary of a White Paper on National and Global Implications of the Year 2000 Embedded Systems Crisis by Paula Gordon is posted in the recent 1998 archives at http://www.year2000.com. and at http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/mks/yr2000/y2kconf/paper64.htm. The paper includes recommendations concerning the prioritizing of those sites, facilities, plants, and systems that pose the great threat to life, health, and safety and to the environment. It will also be available at http://www.gwu.edu/~y2k/keypeople/gordon/. Lee Tilton is a point of contact for the National Disaster Information Network/Global Disaster Information Network created in 1998. For information about the mission of NDIN/GDIN, see their Web site at http://www.disasterinfo.net. NDIN and GDIN seem to be ideal vehicles that could be used to identify the potential technological disasters that can be expected to occur as a result of Y2K technology problems. NDIN/GDIN is staffed with persons from DIA, CIA, DOD, NOAA,and USGS and would be in a position to assess and prioritize those potential technological disasters that pose the greatest risk to life, health, and safety and to the environment. This would include potential technological disasters that could be triggered by malfunctioning date-sensitive embedded systems in all kinds of sites, facilities, pipelines, plants, and systems, including weapon systems. Also see Edward Yardeni's Year 2000 Recession? "Prepare for the worst. Hope for the best" at his Web site: http://www.yardeni.com/y2kbook.html. This document is frequently update and includes an analysis Y2K-related defense and national security issues. A draft bulletin on the subject of embedded systems prepared for an environmental protection agency is available on request from Paula Gordon by e-mailing pgordon@erols.com. It is also available at http://www.gwu.edu/~y2k/keypeople/gordon/.
Chemical Weapons : For an article on problems that Y2K is posing for a U.S. Army chemical warfare disposal site, see http://ens.lycos.com/ens/jan00/1999L-01-19-01.html.
Terrorism : There is an increasing concern on the part of FEMA, EPA, and others regarding the potential for terrorist acts owing to potential Y2K-related vulnerabilities and possible infrastructure disruptions. Links to terrorism are at http://www.epa.gov/swercepp. The Terrorist Threat in America is a report published April 1998 by The Chemical Manufacturers Association.
Calls for Expanding Federal Efforts and Launching a Crisis-Focused Federal Approach : See the appendices of the Y2K Citizen's Action Guide, including recommendations to the U.S. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (http:/www.house.gov/reform/gmit/y2k/y/) concerning the need for the government to approach Y2K with a sent of much greater urgency. Also included in the appendices is a proposed "Citizens Y2K Financial Protection Act". For information concerning other proposals in process ("Citizens Y2K Healthcare Assurance Act" and "Citizens Y2K Individual and Community Support Act"), contact The Cassandra Project, PO Box 8, Louisville, Colorado 80027 (303) 664 5227. Part 3 of the White Paper on National and Global YK Initiatives by Paula Gordon provides a detailed overview of a proposed Special Action Office for Y2K that would be established in the Executive Office of the President. The office would be responsible for Y2K-related assessment and remediation, and training and technical assistance, as well as preparedness, mitigation, crisis management, and recovery planning and implementation efforts. A working draft of this paper is available by e-mail on request (pgordon@erols.com). It should be posted by March 1999 at http://www.gwu.edu~y2k/keypeople/gordon/. Also see "Oversight Findings" by the House Subcommittee on Government Management, Information & Technology, October 8, 1998 (http://www.house.gov/reform/gmit/y2k/index.htm).
State and Federal Emergency Preparedness, Crisis Management, and Recovery :
~ Understanding the Y2K Challenge
Also included in the course are a toolkit that contains actual documents
to be used in Y2K preparedness activities, links to other Y2K resources,
and a glossary of terms. The course is also available from FEMA's Publications
Distribution Facility by calling 1-800-480-2520 or the material
For a copy of FEMA's December 16, 1998 "Emergency Services Sector (ESS) Initial Assessment for Readiness Report" (Year 2000 Issues), see http://www.fema.gov/y2k/rpt1216.htm. On October 2, 1998, the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Problem held a hearing on emergency preparedness and Y2K. Statements by Federal, State, and local officials and representatives of national organizations on emergency preparedness and Y2K are available through the Committee. For a three part article on the National Guard's involvement in Y2K contingency planning, see http://www.WorldNetDaily.com. There are two documents which could prove particularly useful for people with responsibilities for Y2K-related emergency preparedness efforts: The first is a Hazard Mitigation Strategy Report (FEMA-1196-DR-NY) entitled "January '98 Ice Storm State of New York. Copies are available through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region II Office , Jacob J. Javits Federal Building, 26 Federal Plaza, Room 1337, New York, NY 10278-0002. The section in this report on "Issues and Recommendations" covers a range of suggested actions which would be critical to implement prior to any major and prolonged infrastructure disruptions. These recommendations could be readily adapted for use in any region at any time of year. The lessons learned from a lack of preparedness are clear. A second document, also not prepared with Y2K in mind, is extremely
timely and could prove very useful. This FEMA document is The Project Impact
Guidebook: Building a Disaster Resistant Community. There are currently
fifty-seven model Project Impact programs being funded throughout the country.
(Note: The District of Columbia has been selected as a Project Impact Model. Unlike the other Project Impact model programs, however, the DC program is to focus solely on fire. The Regional FEMA contact person is Linda Ploener. Her e-mail address is Linda.Ploener@fema.gov. The Coordinator for the project in DC is Michele Penick (202) 727 6161, Chief of the Plans and Training Division of DC Emergency Services).
Additional sources of information which may be of assistance include: ~ Annual 1998 Disaster Resource Guide, P.O. 15243, Santa Ana, CA 92735. A free copy will be provided on request. This Guide is not primarily focused on Y2K, but on disaster planning in general. (The next free bulk mailing is scheduled for November or December 1998. Copies will be sent on before then on request for $5.00.) ~ A Governor's Guide to Emergency Management (ISBN 1-55877-297-9), provides excellent information concerning the "basic steps a Governor...must take to be prepared to respond quickly and effectively to emergencies." While this document was not written with Y2K challenges in mind, it does provide a basis for doing additional contingency planning concerning the emergency response process and the process of requesting Federal assistance in an emergency. This document is available through the National Governors' Association for $25.00 (202) 6245300. ~ The Contingency Planning Exchange and New York State are collaborating in a Joint Loss Reduction Partnership Project. FEMA is funding the project. For information contact CPE at (212) 983 8644 or see http://www.cpeworld.org. This effort could be an ideal vehicle for Y2K-related contingency planning and implementation. ~ The American Red Cross has released a brochure entitled "Y2K: What You Should Know" (ARC 44891, November 1998). The text of the brochure is also available online at http://www.redcross.org. The following materials are available through FEMA and in some cases the American Red Cross. While not directly focused on Y2K-related concerns, they are nonetheless relevant to preparing for a wide range of emergencies and infrastructure disruptions that could occur as a result of Y2K technology problems: ~ Emergency Preparedness Checklist (FEMA and the American Red Cross) (L-154, ARC 4471, August 1993) ~ Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit (FEMA L-189 and ARC 4463) ~ Before Disaster Strikes: How to Make Sure You're Financially Prepared to Deal with a Natural Disaster, FEMA 291E and ARC 5075, Revised May 1997 ~ After Disaster Strikes: How to Recover Financially from a Natural
Disaster, FEMA 292E and ARC 5076, Revised May 1997 ~ Project Impact
~ Project Impact Prevention and Preparedness Tips: Steps to Reduce Damage and Loss from and Prepare for El Nino ~ Communities, November 1997 ~ Project Impact Prevention and Preparedness Tips: Steps to Reduce Damage and Loss from and Prepare for El Nino ~ Businesses, November 1997 ~ Helping Children Cope with Disaster (FEMA L-196 February 1993 and ARC 4499) ~ National Mitigation Strategy: Partnerships for Building Safer Communities (L-223/May 1997) ~ Disaster Public Information Catalog, FEMA Publication L-164, Revised August, 1995 FEMA's Web site is http://www.fema.gov. The June 1998 NCCEM Bulletin (now the International Association of Emergency Managers ~ IAEM) included excellent articles on Emergency Management and the Year 2000. (National Headquarters~ IAEM, National Headquarters, 111 Park Place, Falls Church, VA 22046-4513.) FEMA's Community & Family Preparedness (CFP) program has also produced educational materials which may prove extremely useful to individuals, families, and communities preparing for emergencies, including the kinds of infrastructure disruptions that can be anticipated with Y2K. According to the June 1998 IAEM Bulletin, CFP is now "distributing its Act Now Preparedness Update via the Emergency Infrastructure Information Partnership (EIIP). This bulletin provides updates on CFP activities and summaries of successful programs." To subscribe, go to EIIP at http://www.emforum.org/vforum/maillist.htm and click on Subscribe. The person heading that program is Ralph Swisher (e-mail: ralph.swisher@fema.gov). Free Independent Study Courses are available through FEMA's Emergency Management Institute at http://www.fema.gov/emi/ishome.htm. Individual, Family, and Community Y2K and Emergency
Preparedness Efforts :
The Cassandra Project has a much visited Web site at
Also contact The Cassandra Project, PO Box 8, Louisville, Colorado 80027
for
See the appendices of the Y2K Citizen's Action Guide for a "Citizens
Y2K
Gordon Davidson is heading up a new alliance of Y2K community preparedness groups in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Region, including groups from D.C., Virginia, and Maryland. For information, contact him at <gordond@visionarylead.org> or Jay Golter of the Northern Virginia Y2K Group (NOVA) at <jgolter@fdic.gov>.. John Ivinson is associated with the U.K.'s Action 2000 (jonivinson@aol.com). Search on Action 2000 for the Web site of this grassroots Y2K-oriented campaign based in the UK. John O'Meara (jcomara@ma.ultranet.com ) is spearheading activities focusing on family and community-based Y2K preparedness. He is also publishing a newsletter. Jim Lord (jimlordy2k@aol.com) is a retired naval officer. He has written "A Survival Guide to the Year 2000 Problem" He also publishes a Y2K newsletter and writes a column called "Tip of the Week" for the Westergaard Web site at http://www.Y2Ktimebomb/TIP/Lord. Saunti Feldhahn has a book entitled Y2K/The Millennium Bug ~ A Balanced Christian Response. The book is published by Multomah ISBN 1-57673-470-6. For a review of this book, see http://www.y2ktoday.com/modules/news/arti...asp%3Fid%3D618%26feat ure%3Dtrue% 26type%3D. Margaret Wheatley has authored an article entitled "Leading Through the Unknowns of Y2K". The article is scheduled for publication in the November/December 1998 issue of Strategy & Leadership (Volume 26, Number 5). See http://www.slfnet.org and http://www.berkana.org. John L. Petersen, President, The Arlington Institute (johnp@arlinst.org) has recently co-authored an article with Margaret Wheatley and Myron Kellner-Rogers concerning societal impacts of Y2K. The article can be found on the Web site: http://www.arlinst.org and in the archives at http://www.year2000.com. Michael Hyatt has a book entitled: The Millennium Bug: How to Survive the Coming Chaos Regnery Publishing 1998. Douglass Carmichael and Mark Frautschi are co-editing "weekly notes" on Y2K. For information, e-mail: doug@tmn.com. See past issues of "weekly notes" in the archives at http://www.tmn.com/y2k "The Y2K Family Survival Guide", a video hosted by Leonard Nimoy.
"Y2K-It's Not Too Late: Complete Preparedness Guide" by Scott Marks,
Karl Kaufman and Patrice Kaufman, is a comprehensive guidebook that shows
individuals and families how to prepare for the consequences of Year 2000
technology problems. 369 pages, softcover, $19.95. The book can be ordered
online at http://www.y2kredy.com, or by calling toll-free 877-Y2K-REDY.
Napa Valley Citizens for Year 2000 Preparedness meets regularly to discuss
Other Public and/or Private Sector Organizations and Activities : The Washington DC Year 2000 Group (WDCY2K) has a membership list of over 1,000 individuals. Around 300-350 attend monthly programs on topics relating to the Year 2000 technology crisis. The membership is composed of persons from government, the military, corporations, educational institutions, law offices, contractors, consultants, and vendors. For results of two surveys involving the membership that were conducted in 1998, see http://www.monumental.com/bwebster/y2k/survey/ and http://www.csis.org/html/y2kpress.html#3. For an article concerning the WDCY2K group, see "Will the Bug Bite the Bull? ~ Not worried about the Millennium computer problem? The experts beg to disagree" by Steven Levy in Newsweek, May 4, 1998. The Center for Y2K and Society has been established by the Nathan Cummings Foundation. To obtain information concerning this newly established endeavor, see http://www.ncf.org. For further information, contact Norman Dean at ndean@ex-pressnet.com. Coalition 2000, The Network for Year 2000 Community Preparedness is a network of groups and individuals working to help communities prepare for the Year 2000 by providing them with credible information and tools. The Coalition is dedicated to using a collaborative and cooperative partnership process involving community, government, and private sector groups. Coalition 2000 now has a web site (http://www.coalition2000.org/) and listserv (C2000@4hlists.org). To subscribe to the listserv, send the following message: "subscribe C2000 your_name" to lyris@4hlists.org. If you are interested in joining the Coalition, contact Steve Davis at <Steve@DavisLogic.com> Ecumenical Y2K Efforts: The Reverend Guy Fouts is involved in helping to plan an ecumenical conference to be held in Washington D.C. on Thursday, March 11, 1999. A purpose of this meeting will be to raise awareness and preparedness among local, national, and global religious and spiritual organizations. For information, contact him at <ARTIE301@aol.com> or consult the Web site of the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. The World Future Society held a conference on "Y2K....Scenarios and Strategies: Coping with Disruptions and Managing Long-term Consequences" on December 16 and 17 in Washington, DC. See the Web site of the Society for the conference report and for announcements concerning future activities (http://www.wfs.org). The chief point of contact for the Society's Y2K initiatives is Kenneth Hunter <KHUNTER@aol.com>. For some interesting perspectives on the conference, see Jim Lord's column, Tip of the Week, on the Westergaard Web site at http://www.Y2Ktimebomb.com/TIP/Lord/lord9901.htm. Lois R. Saboe, MSW, heads up the National Y2K Civic Leadership Initiative. The efforts of this organization are designed to help the independent non-profit sector raise the awareness of boards and memberships and develop and implement initiatives aimed at addressing a range of problems and challenges related to Y2K. Communications can be sent to Lois Saboe, Executive Director, National Y2K Civic Leadership Initiative 1501 Lee Highway, Suite 204, Arlington, VA 22209 Phone: 703-525-2251 Fax: 703-812-0900 E-mail: bdfutures@aol.com The United Way of America has published a Year 2000 Technical Guide. See http://www.unitedway.org/year2000/. The George Washington University Year 2000 Group is sponsoring a series of evening panel programs on Y2K. The programs are hosted by The Washington Post Company. To be placed on the Y2K invitation list for this and related programs, e-mail waz@gwu.edu. Announcements of Meetings and Conferences The WDCY2K Web site (http://www.wdcy2k.org) provides a listing of Y2K-related events happening in the Washington D.C. region. Also see http://www.year2000.com.
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The Technical Activities Board
of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) sent an
open letter dated June 9, 1999 to selected members of the U.S. Congress
with a copy to John Koskinen. While the letter addresses Year 2000 liability
legislation issues, it provides an