A NEW THEORY OF MATTER Today, very great resourses are spent in particle physics. But current theories have many problems and are not able to explain why elementary particles exist or why they behave as they do. Frequent report states that a final solution soon is to wait, but that cannot inhibit the fact that existing theories in many aspects are inconsistent and mainly erroneous. Ever since the early 1970 the idea of quarks as basic builing block of matter has been the leading idea. But free quarks have never been found in experiments or confirmed in other ways. And in addition to that, there exists a lot of very frequent appearing elementary particles which not, according to theory, contain no quarks at all. But problems of particle physics is not only of technical or theoretical art. The enormeous presistige and status of particle physical research give no place for alternative ideas, even if these ideas should offer a better platform for a solution. But this problem is an inherent problem of the scientific society and shall not be discussed here. Our aim is to try finding the truth, unregarding how this truth looks like. THE NEW THEORY It will here be discussed an idea which may offer a new sight on the existence of elementary particles. The idea do not rest on the existence of quarks, but instead of a quantum process between matter and the free space. In this model, the main thought is that particle is a part of the vacuum itself, but having a more local ordered structure than the vacuum in the selected point. This idea produces a set of base particles, being very elementary and simple in shape. To these particles includes the electron and the proton as to give some examples. The other group of "elementary particles" are composed by these base particles, hence being of complex or compound form. The neutron is, to give an example, a compound particle. This grouping of particles in basic, singular particles and complex or compund particle forms give rise to a very simple and fundamental description of matter. MAIN IDEAS: In our model, pointformed particles, like electrons for instance, is regarded as a collection of vacuum field matter, in an analogy with a gas or a raindrop in a cloud of rain. External inertial forces of that gas collection is in a steady equilibrium state by the vaccum field with density 1/Eo and velocity C (see reference 1). All these particles create an electromagnetical field of its own. The particle mass will oscillate into this force field and create resonance conditions which will determine the particle mass. A BRIEF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS : Let's regard a particle collection having an limiting area, A , and volume, V. If oscillations occur into this gas mass (plasma) the volume pressure product is an invariant entity. Applying the Boyle's law on it, gives : 1) ================================ po.Vo = p.V ; p = po.(Vo/V) =================================== The volumes Vo and V at the two states are related by the cube of their particle radii, hence : 2) =============================== 3 Vo/V = (Ro/R) ================================== The total force which actuate on the particle surface from inside or by impact from the outer vacuum field is : 3) ================================== Po = Ao.po ; P = A.p 2 2 where Ao = Ka.Ro ; A = Ka.R 2 Ka= 2.Pi ==================================== Hence, in each moment of the oscillating cycle of the particle plasma the following force or tension is actuated : 4) ========================================== Peff= P-Po = A.p - Ao.po = 2 3 2 Ka.R.po.(Ro/R) - Ka.Ro.po = 2 Ka.Ro. (Ro/R-1).po = Ao.po.(Ro/R-1) ============================================= The magnitude of the oscillation in the radius direction will be : 5) ============================================== s= R-Ro = -(Ro/R -1).R ; s/Ro = -(Ro/R -1).Ro (if s/Ro is small) ================================================= Inserting that in 4) gives : 6) ==================================== Peff = - Ao.po.s/Ro ======================================= This force will interact with the inertial mass of the particle plasma, given from the second Newtonian law : 7) ======================= 2 2 Pin = M.d s/dt ========================== Peff and Pin are two forces which in each moment are in balance with each other. That gives the balance equation : 8) ============================== 2 2 d s/dt - (Po/M).s/Ro = 0 ================================= For making it able to solve this simple harmonical differential equation, we must known the value of Po and how the particle mass is related to the partilce's radius. We begin by calcualting the value of Po. In each oscillating periode an amount of mass, dm , is exchanged between particle and field (with density 1/Eo, see reference 1). That gives : 9) ===================== dm = q.dV = q.(A.s) ======================== By using the well known formula of relation between mass and total 2 energy, E= m.c , this mass can be converted to energy, giving : 10) ========================== 2 2 dE = dm.c = q.(A.s).c ============================== In accord with Newton the product between force and distance is energy, giving : 11) ====================================== 2 2 P.s = q.(A.s).c or Po = Ao.c /Eo ========================================== Hence, we have got an expression for Po expressed in parameters of space and particle. Mass density of all point particles, as here calculated is the same. That give the following relation : 12) ======================= 3 M = me.(Ro/re) =========================== where me, and re are parameters of electron. From electromagnetic theory (reference 1) we know that Eo is the same as 1/q, where q is the pseudo material density of the vacuum field. q is theregiven by the relation : 13) ========================== me q = ---------------- =1/Eo 3 3 8.Pi .re =============================== Hence, calculating the relation Po/M gives : 14) ============================================== 2 3 3 Po/M = ( Ao.c /Eo)/(me.Ro /re ) 2 2 3 3 3 3 = (Ka.Ro .c /(8.Pi.re/me))/(me.Ro/re ) 3 2 = (Ka/(8.Pi ).(1/Ro).c = 2 = (1/4.Pi ).(1/Ro).c 2 where Ao = 2.Pi.Ro , see reference 1 =================================================== Inserting in 8) gives : 15) =============================================== 2 2 2 d s/dt - (1/(4.Pi )).(1/Ro).c .s/Ro = 0 =================================================== If s/Ro<<1, which we here can presume, the solution of that differential equation will be : 16) ======================================= 2 2 Tr = 2.Pi. SQRT( 4.Pi.Ro /c ) =========================================== These vibration of the particle create disturbances in the environment electromagnetic field. Then a resonance effect is created between these vibrations and the vibrations in the radius direction, claculated in 16). The particle's own resonance periode is in the simplest way calculated by the harmonical differential equation, giving the pendulum solution. 17) ============================================ 2 Tc = 2.Pi.SQRT(Mo.Ro/Fe) ; Fe = me.c/re 2/3 Tc = 2.Pi.re/c. (Mo/me) ================================================= The resonance condition is also determined by a quantum number, n , being a whole integer relation value between the two oscillations modes, giving : 18) ===================== Tc = Tr.n ========================= Together that gives : 19) ===================================================== 2/3 2 2 2.Pi.re/c . (Mo/me) = 2.Pi.SQRT( 4.Pi.Ro /c ).n ========================================================= Using results from 12) then gives : 20) ================================================== 3 M = me.(K.n) where the derived value of K = 3.5 approximately See further comparison with experimental results below. ====================================================== where me is the electron mass, 0.51099906 Mev and n is an integer value with beginning by n=1. A table based on this relation is given below: ================================================================ n Particle Name Value of Obser- mass in GeV K vations ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0.01584 ? Pi Not observed 2 0.10565839 u 2.957 data 3 0.4936646 k 3.296 available 4 0.93827231 p 3.062 today 5 1.7841 Tau 3.034 6 2.9796 nc 3.000 7 5.2776 B 3.111 8 8.3 zeta* 3.167 ... 17 81.0 W 3.184 18 92.4 Z 3.142 --------------------------------------------------------------- 9 11.6 - Pi future 10 15.8 - Pi observ- 11 21.1 - Pi ations 12 27.4 - Pi 13 34.8 - Pi 14 43.48 obs* 3.141 15 53.5 - Pi 16 64.9 - Pi -------------------------------------------------------------- * See text. The data for established particles were obtained from CERN Particle Data Booklet, April 1988. For n=8 see New Scientist 16 Aug. 1989, reporting a particle named "zeta" at 8300 MeV, which is a better candidate than T(1S). For n=14, see New Scientist 25 May 1984, where a new particle with mass 43.450 was reported. That value agrees exactly with the given formula. For n=9 to 13 see New Scientist 11 Sept. 1980, where obswervation in the area 10 GeV to 35 GeV are indicated. (See reference 2). COMPLEX PARTICLE FORMS If we for instance look at a neutron particle, an uncharged particle with nearly the same mass as for the proton, being the building block of the atomic nuclues, we see that this particle has a slightly larger mass than the proton, its positive charged counterpart. That slightly larger mass is created by a single electron which move around the proton nuclues with a furious velocity, increasing its rest mass by the factor 2.5 approximately. That mass increase correspond with the well known physical law : 2 2 m= mo/L, where L = SQRT(1-v /c ) where L is the Lorentz factor. The mass increase effect was discovered in experiments 1901 by Kaufmann. The physical reason to it we leave outside this context but is presumed to be a pure electromagnetic effect. The neutron system can here be regarded as a hydrogen system, but where the electron move on a much higher energy level and near the limit velocity of light in its own reference system. It's easy to accept the neutron system in this way when we know that the neutron annihilates in a proton and an electron plus extra energy (neutrinos). Hence, the first effect of the orbiting particle in such a system is that the orbiting particle's mass increases with velocity, giving 21) ==================================== 2 2 M = Mo/L ; L = SQRT( 1 - v /c ) ======================================== We solve out the orbiting particle's velocity : 22) =================================== 2 v = c.SQRT ( 1 - A ) ; A = Mo/M ======================================= If we for simplicity define the orbit as a pure circular movement (only is partly true), we from Newton's mass inertial laws get : 23) ====================== 2 Fc = M.v/D1 ========================== where D1 is the orbiting distance related to the center of the particle system. There are 3 kind of forces which actuate the orbiting particle, the strong force, the inertial force and the electromagnetic force. The "strong force" is created by the vacuum pressure which is in accord with the electromagnetic theory (see reference 1). 24) ======================================== 2 2 2 2 Fmax = q.C .A = (me.c /re) . R /re ============================================ The real strong force also is dependent by the distance to the central particle, D , hence giving the effective working force : 25) ======================================================= 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 Fs = Fmax . 4.Pi.Rc /(4.Pi.D ) = (me.c/re).R .Rc/D ============================================================ Using the hypothesis, that all pointformed particles have invariant mass density, this equation can be rewritten to : 26) ====================================== 2 2 2/3 2/3 4/3 Fs = me.c.re.(1/D ).Mc . M / me ========================================== If the central particle, as here for instance in an neutron, is very heavy in relation to the orbiting particle, the common rotation radius, D1 , is the same as the distance between the particles. But in a system where the orbiting particle is more heavy, there will be a discrepance between these entities : 27) ================================================= D1 = z. D where z = 1/(1 + M/Mc) where D=2*D1 when M=Mc. ===================================================== There exists also electromagnetical forces between the particles into the system, but these forces are so small related to Fs and Fc , so they can be neglected here. The electromagnetic field instead has another more important function. The existence of this field will give rise to a quantum mechanical resonance effect between these oscillating conditions present into the system. From our base particles we have the follwoing set of base frequencies (or time periodes) : 28) =============================================== 2/3 1) To1 = 2.Pi.re/c . K1 ; K1 = (M/me) 1/3 2) To2 = 2.Pi.re/c . K2 ; K2 = (M/me) . 2. Pi 2/3 3) Tc3 = 2.Pi.re/c . K3 ; K3 = (Mc/me) 1/3 4) Tc4 = 2.Pi.re/c . K4 ; K4 = (Mc/me). 2.P ==================================================== Hence in a system of 2 particles, as in a neutron , there will be 4 different possiblilities of the orbiting particle to move in time to the electromagnetic field variations. For instance, for a neutron system in the lowest resoance state, the system will be a neutron, but in the highest state it will be the LAMBDA particle, being a neutral but having a mass 2170 times the electron mass. The corresponding factor for the neutron is 1838.12. These electromagnetic vibration create disturbances on the orbiting particle and forces it to rotate in time to these changes (a resoance or quantum effect). In the same way as in the atomic system ,this relation will be : 29) ============================== 2.Pi.D1/v = Tk.N ================================== where N is the number of orbiting particles of same mass in the same orbit. The solution of the total mass of the particle system will be when the forces Fc and Fs are in balance. 30) ============================================================ a) A = Mo/M Mo orbit particle mass in rest M orbit particle mass when moving 2 b) v = c.SQRT (1 - A ) v is the orbit particle velocity in its own reference system 2 c) Fc = M.v /D1 The centrifugal force of the orbiting particle 2 2 2*k/3 2*k/3 4/3 d) Fs = me.c.re/D . Mc . M / me The strong force acting on the orbiting particle (the k-factor, see definition below) the common orbiting distance f) Fc - Fs = 0 The balance condistion for a stabele system. g) D1 = Tk.N.v/(2.Pi) h) Tk = Toc,Tor,Tcc or Tcr see (28) g) Mtot = Mc + N*M (The k-factor has been introduced for accomodating the copling factor between the orbit and center particle, which can vary slightly in different systems, see table below) ============================================================= This set of equations cannot easily be sovled in a convinient way by analogous calculations. However, by a recursive computer process the balance point is easily calculated. In experiments, mass of particles are determined by a distribution function where the top medium value is determined. Hence there are some distributions in the measuring values which at the end will determine the official particle mass. The Gaussian mean mass value is sanctioned as the official mass value. To make it possible identifying and comparing values from this model and experimental founds, we have introduced a correction factor "k" in the listing below. The k-factor has been introduced into the model in formula 30d) above in the exponential factors with the idial value equal to k=1. Some of the most easy identificable compound particles areas calculated in the table below. Mc Mo n State Mass Mev Symbole,name Charge k --------------------------------------------------------------- u e 1 1 0.13497 Pi-zero 0 1.15 2 " Pi-zero 0 1.22 3 not observed 4 nor observed --------------------------------------------------------------- u e 2 1 0.139568 Pi +- +- 1.06 2 " Pi +- +- 1.18 3 not observed 4 not observed --------------------------------------------------------------- K e 1 1 0.5488 eta zero 0 1.05 2 " eta zero 0 1.07 3 0.49767 K zero 0 1.06 4 " K zero 0 1.02 -------------------------------------------------------------- K e 2 1-4 *) see comment below -------------------------------------------------------------- K u 1 1-4 0.6 epsilon ?0 1.0 rare -------------------------------------------------------------- K u 2 1-4 0.770-0.783 rho,ohmega 0+- 1.05 -------------------------------------------------------------- K K 1 1-4 1.020 Phi 0 1.00-1.05 -------------------------------------------------------------- p e 1 1 1.11563 Lambda zero 0 1.135 2 " " 0 1.12 3 0.93956563 neutron 0 1.00 4 " " 0 0.95 ------------------------------------------------------------- p e 2 1-4 *) see comment below ------------------------------------------------------------- p u 1 1-4 1.11563 Lambda zero 0 1.05 ------------------------------------------------------------- p u 2 1-4 1.18937 Sigma +-0 0.98 ------------------------------------------------------------- p u 3 1-4 1.3149 Xsi +-0 0.98 ------------------------------------------------------------- p u+K 1 1-4 1.67243 Ohmega +- medium p+u.p+K ------------------------------------------------------------- T e 1 1 1.8645 D zero 0 1.06 2 " " 0 1.06 3 " " 0 1.05 4 " " 0 1.05 ------------------------------------------------------------- T e 2 1 1.8693 D +- +- 1.04 2 " " +- 1.04 3 " " +- 1.04 4 " " +- 1.04 ------------------------------------------------------------- T+(e)+u 1 1-4 1.971 F +-0 +-0 1.05 ------------------------------------------------------------- T u 2 1-4 2.1127 Ds +- +- 1.04 ------------------------------------------------------------- *) It seems that systems containing 2 orbit electrons are not so probable **) A compound particle where the orbit mass is large related to the center particle will be short lived, and rare. References : 1) A new model of interaction between matter and vaccum, Galilean ElectroDynamics, Vol 4, no 4 by the author. 2) Elementary-Particles masses predicted, Galilean ElectroDynamics Vol 2, no 3, by the author 3) Particle Properties Data Booklet, Technical information Depratmetn, MS 90-2125, Lawrence Berley, CA 94720 USA 4) A new way to physics 1990, Ove Tedenstig (paperback 500 pages). -- Ove Tedenstig, ERA, Borgarfjordsgatan 9, 16480 Kista/Sweden EMAIL: ERAOTG@KIERA.ERICSSON.SE interaction between matter and vaccum, Galilean ElectroDynamics, Vol 4, no 4 by the author. 2) Elementary-Particles masses predicted, Galilean ElectroDynamics Vol 2, no 3, by the author 3) Particle Properties Data Booklet, Technical information Depratmetn, MS 90-2125, Lawrence Berley, CA 94720 USA 4) A new way to physics 1990, Ove Tedenstig (paperback 500 pages). -- Ove Tedenstig, ERA, Borgarfjordsgatan 9, 16480 Kista/Sweden EMAIL: ERAOTG@KIERA.ERICSSON.SE