Z.A.P., Zero Air Pollution, a partnership Please put me on your list of things and groups. I have sent you a second paper. This second paper was published in the last addtion of Infinite Energy. I say you can post it. DOS TEXT Frank Znidarsic THE GENESIS OF THE UNIVERSE AND ZERO POINT ENERGY by Frank Znidarsic PE 481 Boyer St. Johnstown, Pa. 15906 USA The BMZ Energy group. Bringing Zero Point Energy to the Market. Johnstown Pa. ABSTRACT The idea that something can be created from nothing has always been considered to be impossible. This manuscript presents a historical account on the subject of creation. Recently, it has been shown that the gravitational field contains negative energy. Contemporary ideas on the subject of creation demonstrate the existence of a link between the energy in matter, zero point energy, and the negative gravitational potential of the universe. These new ideas are explored. Finally experiments, which seem to be creating energy, are examined. INTRODUCTION Since antiquity the genesis of the universe has been a subject of thought, study, and speculation by the greatest minds in philosophy and science. The original ideas on genesis were developed by philosophers. Some of the original philosophers were Greek. It became apparent to the Greeks that all things came from other things. The great Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) described this with his idea of forms. According to Plato the form was the property that made a thing what it was. Aristotle (384-322 BC) developed the idea of forms and concluded that each form was composed of a substance. The form of a substance could be changed but the substance itself was eternal. The question then was where did the original substance come from? The conclusion that the ancient Greeks drew was that a prime mover created the original substance. This prime mover was God. The Greek Empedocles defined what the fundamental substances of the original creation were. To him the fundamental substances were earth, air, fire, and water. Later the Greek Democritus redefined these original substances as atoms. According to Democritus these atoms were produced in the original creation and were eternal. In the Middle Ages the greatest thinkers on the subject of creation were theologians. One of these theologians was St. Augustine (354-430 AD). It became apparent to St. Augustine, like it did to the Greeks, that all things came from other things. If the material substance of the universe had not been created then this substance must have always been. If the substance of the universe has always been then time had no beginning. Every event is precipitated by a prior event. Without a first event everything that could have happened should have happened in the infinite past. For current time to have meaning there must have been a first event or moment of creation. St. Augustine used a Latin word to describe this creation process called exnihilo. This word means to create something out of nothing. St. Augustine concluded that an infinite source or prime mover created the universe exnihilo. This concept was developed to an apex by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). He came up with a line of reasoning in his arguments from design. These arguments were based on the idea that the substance of the universe required a divine origin. PROPOSED THEORY Today scientists are studying the problem of creation. Science does not address the question of who created the universe. Scientists have rules that they work by called conservation laws. Some of these conservation laws are the conservation of momentum, energy, and charge. Science addresses the question of how the universe formed within the framework of possibilities allowed by these laws. According to current theory and experimental evidence these conservation laws always hold true. In more precise language, they are invariant with respect to time and location. The scientific principle of the conservation of energy simply restates the old idea that something cannot come from nothing. According to the accepted theory of the big bang the universe sprang from nothing 15 billion years ago. In 1973 the great contemporary physicist Edward P. Tryon demonstrated how the universe could have formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. He said that the total energy of the universe is zero. He said that the positive energy of the things we observe is balanced by a negative gravitational energy. Therefore the creation was formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. Let's explore his idea. When something falls it loses gravitational potential energy. The relationship between potential energy and position, in a force field, is given by equation #1. In case you mailer does not line text up like mine does the following are simple integrals. / -> -> _ PE = W = - | F dr Eq # 1 / According to Tryon's theory if an object were to fall into the universe from an infinite distance away the gravitational potential energy the object lost would equal the total mass energy of the object. This is stated mathematically in in equation #2. rad of univ / -> -> mcc = - | F dr Eq #2 /infinity Assuming that the universe is spherical with an isotopic mass distribution, the amount of gravitational potential an object will lose upon falling to the edge of such a universe is given by equation #3. / rad of univ mcc = -(G)(Mu)(m) | (1/rr) dr Eq#3 /infinity Given a radius "r" of the universe is 15 billion light years 26 (1.42x10 meters) and the known gravitational constant G, the mass of the universe Mu may be determined. 53 Mu = 1.91 x 10 KG If this is the mass of the universe then the total energy of the universe is zero. To check this result the mass of the universe was calculated from its density and volume. The universe was considered to be a sphere. This sphere has a radius of 15 billion light years and is filled with matter of the same density as the density of space in our galactic neighborhood. This "local" density is equivalent to one proton of ordinary matter and nine protons of "dark" matter per cubic meter. Given that the volume of a sphere with a radius of 15 billion 79 3 light years = 1.2 x 10 M Please note that at one proton mass per cubic meter this is also the number of protons in the universe. The mass of the universe was derived from its volume and density in equation #4. 3 3 M = [(1 proton/m )+(9 proton masses dark matter/m )](volume) Eq#4 The mass of the universe according to this second argument is: 53 Mu = 2.00 x 10 KG Amazingly the resultant masses agree even though they were determined by two entirely different methods. This agreement indicates that the universe has a total energy of zero and that it formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. Edward Tryon's idea has proven to be very profound. THE GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION Energy is neither created or destroyed. The total mass energy of the universe remains constant. This constant of energy is zero. The positive kinetic energy gained by accelerating matter is proportional to the product of the applied force "F" and the distance "d" through which the force acts. Refer to Equation #4. + Energy = Fd Equation #4 Given that the total energy of the universe is zero, an equivalent amount of negative gravitational potential must also be imparted to accelerated matter. A symmetrical relationship exists between gravity and force. The force/gravity relationship resembles the symmetrical electromagnetic relationship in many ways. One notable difference is the magnitude of the constants involved. The force/gravity relationship, as given by General Relativity, is expressed in equation #5. F = G(dp/dt)/(ccr) Equation #5 g F = the gravitational field in newtons/kg g dp/dt = the change in momentum with respect to time (a force) Equation #5 reveals that negative gravitational potential is also imparted to accelerating mass by the force of acceleration. According to Mach's principle the force produced by a local acceleration is in reaction to this induced gravitational potential. Mach's principle is stated in Equation #6. Local force = Gravitational reaction Eq #6 (dp/dt) = Mu F g dp/dt = Mu G(dp/dt)/(ccr) If Equation #6 is true equation #7 must equal one. Mu G/(ccr) = 1 Equation #7 r = the radius of the universe G = the gravitational constant c = light speed Mu = the mass of the universe Amazingly, against all odds considering the magnitude of the numbers involved, Equation #7 is an identity. Positive kinetic energy an negative gravitational potential are simultaneously imparted to accelerating matter by the force of acceleration. This process holds the sum total of the energy in the universe exactly at zero. THE ZERO POINT INTERACTION After a sufficient amount of hydrogen dissolves into a "cold fusion" electrode, the hydrogen molecules begin to get buffeted around by the zero point vibrations intrinsic to the solid crystal lattice. In more exact terms, the zero point Fermi energy levels within the solid evanescence within a sea of dissolved hydrogen molecules. Forces are imparted by this interaction. These forces cannot transfer energy from the zero point system to the dissolved hydrogen. A zero point system is already in the lowest energy state. The system cannot drop to a lower energy state and shed any energy. The forces do, however, generate new energy through a process of genesis. Positive kinetic and negative gravitational potential are simultaneously produced. The process generates new energy and conserves energy. TWO COMMON OBJECTIONS 1. The gravitational field is very weak. It plays no role in atomic interactions. True, the gravitational field is a weak translational force. Energy is the product of force and distance. The long range of the gravitational interaction compensates for its weak translational nature. Gravity is a potent energy exchange medium. 2. Distant regions of the universe are a long way off. Given that forces propagate at luminal velocities, these distant regions cannot be directly linked to local events. Energy and momentum are carried by induced fields. These induced fields acts as a reservoir of momentum and energy. After the field has reached distant parts of the universe this reservoir of momentum and energy is depleted. In the end the books balance. An analogy can be drawn with electric circuits. Electrons are millions of times smaller than a typical electrical circuit. Momentum is conserved in these curcuits. Similar interactions balance momentum and energy in inductive circuits. CONCLUSION New scientific arguments have shown how something can be created out of nothing. These arguments have tremendous philosophical implications. If the creation process is now understood, can something now be created out of nothing? Inventors have been trying to do this for many years. In fact, the patent offices currently reject all applications for patents on such perpetual motion machines. If a gravity producing machine could be built, however, it would produce positive energy in an amount equal to the negative gravitational potential of the induced field. As of late several scientists have appear to have created something (energy) from nothing. Among the most advanced is Dr. H. E. Puthoff at the Center for Advanced Study in Austin Texas and Dr. J. A. Patterson inventor of Clean Energy Technology's cold fusion cell. Puthoff, in particular, is attempting to extract the zero point energy of matter. According to this author's theories , the theories of Hal Puthoff , and the theories of Andrei Sakharov , the the zero point energy of matter is intimately linked to its gravitational field. If the zero point energy of matter is extracted a gravitational field will be produced. This gravitational field will reach out and retard the expansion of the universe. Some of the kinetic energy of the expansion of the universe will eventually be absorbed by this induced gravitational field. This energy will be locally available for use. We will have to wait and see to comes from these latest ideas. If man finally creates substance from nothingness he will have ventured into a realm that was, since antiquity, reserved for God. The world and its ideas will then surely change. NOTES 1. Edward P. Tryon, NATURE VOL 246, December 14, 1973. 2. Technically, nothing can exist outside of the universe. The universe is a closed structure in which, according to the cosmological principle, all positions are equivalent. The model presented in this paper, in which an object falls from an infinite distance away to the edge of the universe, does not represent reality. The model does, however, allow for the calculation of the negative gravitational potential shared by all objects within the universe. 3. Fritz Zwicky proposed that 90% of the matter in the universe is "dark" in 1933. He came to this conclusion from the study of clusters of galaxies. Vera Rubin confirmed that 90% of the universe's matter is composed of the so called "dark matter" from her study of the rotational speeds of galaxies in 1977. 4. A ball lightning experiment in Japan appeared to produce excess energy. Y.H. Ohtsuki & H. Ofuruton, NATURE VOL 246, March 14, 1991 5. Frank Znidarsic, ELEMENTARY A. GRAVITY Adventures Unlimited Kempton Il. USA, 1989 "Antigravity on a Disk" Self published 1995 6. Working with electron condensations. Hal Puthoff, PHYSICAL REVIEW A, March 1989 Hal Puthoff, D.C. Cole, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, August 1993. Hal Puthoff, OMNI, "Squeezing Energy From a Vacuum" 2/91 7. Andrei Sakharov SOVIET PHYSICS DACKLADI Vol 12, May 1968, Page 1040, 42 excess energy. Y.H. Ohtsuki & H. Ofuruton, NATURE VOL 246, March 14, 1991 5. Frank Znidarsic, ELEMENTARY A. GRAVITY Adventures Unlimited Kempton Il. USA, 1989 "Antigravity on a Disk" Self published 1995 6. Working with electron condensations. Hal Puthoff, PHYSICAL REVIEW A, March 1989 Hal Puthoff, D.C. Cole, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, August 1993. Hal Puthoff, OMNI, "Squeezing Energy From a Vacuum" 2/91 7. Andrei Sakharov SOVIET PHYSICS DACKLADI Vol 12, May 1968, Page 1040, 42